Macquarie University's ASHRAE RP-884 Adaptive Model Project
General
Assumptions.
The processes of data standardisation and assimilation into the RP-884
database are described in the graphic
linked here. Specific procedures and assumptions applied to all dat
files are described in this section. The section describes the details
of each of the datafiles going into the RP-884 database
-
All raw data in the RP-884 database was processed through the ASHRAE Comfort
(Wincomf) software
developed by Fountain and
Huizenga (1995). Of the indices provided in the output, predicted draft
risk (PD) was calculated separately via formulae in ASHRAE 1993 HoF.
If the velocity for PD calculations was < 0.05 m/s then PD = 0. Where
turbulence was not available in the original data file, 40% was assumed
for PD calculations. The WinComf software was also used to generate the
outdoor ET* variables used in RP-884. An interactive
calculator of these same comfort indices can be found on the WWW by clicking
here (it was based on the WinComf code).
-
Mean Radiant Temperature (TRAV) was recalculated wherever possible using
the formulae described in the ASHRAE HoF (1993).
-
Studies that did not use the ASHRAE 55-92 Standard to estimate clo
had their clo values adjusted/converted to this Standard by models established
within RP-884. Database variables of clo (clothing ensemble insulation)
and insul (clothing plus chair insulation) were recorded separately
within RP- 884. It was often necessary to create insul from original
field experiment data by the addition of 0.15 clo to the value of clothing
insulation provided. Or in cases where clothing plus insulation due to
a chair was provided in the original data, then 0.15 clo was subtracted
to give just the total clothing insulation.
-
Variables in the original study datafiles which were incompatible with
RP-884
standardised coding conventions were re-coded. This often include correcting
the numerical classification for gender, the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale,
reducing thermal preference 5-pt scales to the McIntyre 3-pt scale etc.
Those variables the same as RP-884 standards were retained as supplied.
Also, all "character" building codes were replaced with numeric codes.
-
Outdoor Meteorological/Climatological data, where not supplied with the
orignial data file, was obtained from various Meteorological or Climatological
sources (indicated in each study's summary below). Efforts
were made to extract air temperature and relative humidity data as close
to 6:00 hours and 15:00 hours as possible (estimated times of daily minima
and maxima).
-
Missing values are indicated throughout the database with "." (period).
-
Data lines missing core variables such as temperature, clothing insulation
or sensation vote where deleted.
-
Longitudinal studies were treated within the database as cross-sectional
designs. This is based on the assumption that within-individual variance
in thermal sensation is approximately the same as between-individual variance.
-
All data files were split by season (summer and winter) and building type
(HVAC, NV or Mixed).
-
An index of perceived thermal control (PCC_AG) was established for
all studies, except where individual building information was insufficient
to identify specific adaptive opportunities such as operable windows, blinds,
local fans, doors, thermostats, etc.
-
A proxy for thermal statisfaction (acceptability) was developed as variable
PRXY_TSA.
It is derived from thermal sensation votes (ASH) and defined as
acceptable (code"2") if |ASH| <= 1.5. If the absolute value of
ASH exceeded 1.5 then PRXY_TSA was coded not acceptable (1).
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1 Project Title: ASHRAE TC 2.1 sponsored
RP-702.
Project filenames in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 36 (summer "dry" - HVAC) and
37 (summer "wet" - HVAC) in the RP-884 database.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Richard de Dear (Macquarie University, Sydney Australia) and Marc Fountain
(University of California at Berkeley, USA).
A CLASS-1 field experiment sponsored by ASHRAE TC 2.1.
Project Publications
de Dear, R.J. and M.E. Fountain (1994) "Field experiments on occupant comfort
and office thermal environments in a hot- humid climate," ASHRAE Transactions,
Vol.100(2), pp.457- 475.
de Dear, R.J. and M.E. Fountain (1994) Cover feature -- "Thermal comfort
in air-conditioned office buildings in the tropics," Journal of the
Australian Institute of Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning and Heating, Vol.48(9),
pp.14-30.
de Dear, R.J., M.E. Fountain, S. Popovic, S. Watkins, G. Brager, E.Arens
and C Benton (1993) A Field Study of Occupant Comfort and Office Thermal
Environments in a Hot- Humid Climate : Final Report on ASHRAE RP-702.
(MRL: Sydney), 162 pp.
Project Location, Climate and Season
The project was located in Townsville on the north-eastern coast of Australia
which falls within a Tropical Savanna climate zone (wet-dry tropics). One
field experiment conducted in the "Dry" season (warm-dry "summer"), another
experiment conducted in the "wet" season (hot-wet "summer").
Sample Buildings
Twelve office buildings were studied.
|
Building Code
|
Sample Size (n)
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Floor Area
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
1
|
56
|
VAV
|
2,010 m2
3 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
Federal Government
Department.
|
|
2
|
22
|
Central AC (CAV)
|
3,944 m2
4 levels, private and multi-occupant offices.
|
Tertiary education administration.
|
|
3
|
61
|
VAV
|
17,820 m2
12 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
Multi-tennant office tower.
|
|
4
|
22
|
CAV
|
4,865 m2
Twin tower design, mainly open plan.
|
Government departments.
|
|
5
|
45
|
CAV
|
1,860 m2
5 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
Single tennant -power utility administration.
|
|
6
|
38
|
CAV
|
4,632 m2
8 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
Regional bank headquarters.
|
|
7
|
100
|
CAV
|
4,851 m2
3 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
Local government offices.
|
|
8
|
105
|
CAV
|
7,780 m2
5 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
State government offices.
|
|
9
|
14
|
CAV
|
1,727 m2
3 storyes, mainly open plan.
|
State government offices.
|
|
10
|
63
|
VAV
|
2,076 m2
3 storyes, mainly open plan.
|
Office building.
|
|
11
|
19
|
VAV
|
3,942 m2
6 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
Insurance and legal firms.
|
|
12
|
82
|
VAV
|
22,910 m2
13 storeys, mainly open plan.
|
Government department.
|
Instruments
Class-1 instrumentation includes three heights above floor level. Anemometry
was measured by DANTEC 54R10 omnidirectional heated elements with fast
time-constant for turbulence intensity calculations. Air temperature was
measured by YSI series 700 probes (thermistors) and globe temperatures
measured by fixing a table tennis ball (40mm diam.) over the sensor with
appropriate steps taken to achieve correct emissivity. Dewpoint temperature
(humidity) measured by a General Eastern DEW-10 chilled-mirror transducer.
Radiant asymmetry was measured by a Bruel and Kjaer plane radiant asymmetry
sensor (MM 0036).
Questionnaire
The questionnaire was divided into two parts, background and on-line surveys.
The background questionnaire covered demographics, contextual and psychological
factors. The on- line questionnaire covered the subjects assessment of
their immediate thermal environment, such as their thermal sensation on
a 7-point scale, acceptability as a yes/no response, thermal preference
on a 3-point scale, current garment insulation assessed by tables and algorithms
in ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 and metabolic activity assessed by ASHRAE Standard
55-92 and ISO 7730. Metabolic activity was recorded at four distinct time
periods, from which an overall metabolic rate was established. The on-line
questionnaire was conducted at the same time as physical measurements were
being made of the subjects environment.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Concurrent three-hourly observations from Townsville Airport (purchased
from Australian Bureau of Meteorology), from which air temperature and
relative humidity at 600 hours and 1500 hours was extracted for RP-884
purposes.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The design of the database structure and coding conventions throughout
the ASHRAE Adaptive Model Project (RP-884) was based on de Dear and Fountains'
(1994) Townsville (RP-702) project.
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2 Project Title: Thermal Comfort Studies
in Modern Industrial Buildings.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 1 (summer
- HVAC) and 2 (winter - HVAC) in the RP-884 database.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Jill C. Brown (Ph.D thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff). This is a CLASS-2
field experiment.
Project Publications
Brown, J. C. (1995). Thermal Comfort Studies in Modern Industrial Buildings,
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff.
Brown, J. C. and Jones, P. J. (1993). Thermal Comfort in Modern Industrial
Buildings, Clima 2000 Conference, London, Organised by the Chartered Institute
of Building Services Engineers.
Project Location, Climate and Season
This project was conducted in South Wales, UK. More precisely, in Cwmbran,
Gwent; Newport, Gwent; Ebbw Vale, Gwent; Maesteg, Mid Glamorgan; Cwmfelinfach,
Gwent; Gwent; Llanelli, Dyfed and Llantrisant, Glamorgan. Summer and Winter
seasons investigated. Climatically, this region can be classified as west
coast marine.
Instruments
Indoor climatic instrumentation included: pre-calibrated thermistors to
measure air temperature, hot-wire anemometer for air speed, solid-state
hygrometer to measure humidity, and a thermistor inside a 38mm diameter
ping-pong ball to measure globe temperature. Air temperature was measured
at ankle, waist and head heights (0.3m, 1.5m and 2m) while all other parameters
were only measured at waist height.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire addressed both conditions at the time of physical measurements
and typical/overall conditions, of which only the former was used for RP-884's
purposes. Sensation was rated on the ASHRAE 7-pt scale. The questionnaire
assessed thermal preference but not thermal acceptability. Metabolic ratings
were established at the time of the questionnaire and prior to questionnaire,
using the ASHRAE 55-92 standard for guidance. However, the author expressed
reservations that this checklist did not fully describe the types of activities
being performed within the study. Clo was estimated using the ASHRAE 55-92
and ISO/DIS 9920-91 checklist and if clothing insulation data was absent
then an estimation was made using the garment weight relationship suggested
by McCullough et al., 1984).
Sample Buildings
|
Location
|
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size (n)
and season
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
Floor
Area |
Occupancy
Pattern
|
|
Cwmbran, Gwent
|
1
|
16-winter
|
HVAC
|
576m squared |
Light Industrial Factory
|
|
Newport, Gwent
|
2
|
17-summer
|
HVAC
|
3000m squared |
Med-heavy Industrial Factory
|
|
Ebbw Vale, Gwent
|
3
|
15-summer
|
HVAC
|
1000m squared |
Light-med Industral Factory
|
|
Maesteg, Glamorgan
|
4
|
32-summer
|
HVAC
|
c.
15000m squared |
Light Industrial Factory
|
|
Llanelli, Dyfed
|
5
|
6-winter
|
HVAC
|
c.
850m squared |
Light Industrial Factory
|
|
Llantrisan, mid - Glamorgan
|
6
|
9-winter
|
HVAC
|
c.
2500m squared |
Light Industrial Factory
|
|
Llantrisan, mid - Glamorgan
|
7
|
7-winter
|
HVAC
|
c.
2500m squared |
Med-heavy Industrial Factory
|
|
Cwmfelinfach, Gwent
|
8
|
16-summer
|
HVAC
|
c.
6700m squared |
Med-heavy Industrial Factory
|
Outdoor Meteorological Data
In the absence of accessible outdoor meteorological observations at the
same time as the questionnaire data, RP- 884 researchers substituted climatological
data at 600 hrs and 1500 hrs. This data was retrieved from two sources
-- air temperature from the journal Weather (using the UK Met Office site
of Roose), and humidity (by derivation of dew point using the UK Met Office
site for Cardiff) based on data entries the International Station Meteorological
and Climate Summary (ISMCS 1992) CDROM.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
Instrumentation in the original data set took measurements at heights 2m,
1.5m and 0.3m. We mapped 0.3m to 0.1m and 1.5m to 1.1m for the RP-884 database.
Clo was estimated with the ASHRAE 55-92 checklist so no corrections were
needed, but the activity variable in the original data set had to be used
to determine whether or not the subject was seated and so whether 0.15
clo for the insulation due to a chair needed to be subtracted. This provided
two variables within the RP-884 database, clothing insulation with and
without the effects of a chair. The research design was cross-sectional
which satisfied the assumptions for RP-884, that all subjects were independent.
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3 Project Title: Doctoral Dissertation.
>From Comfort To Kilowatts: An Integrated Assessment Of Electricity Conservation
In Thailand's Commercial Sector.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 3 (summer - HVAC) and 4 (summer
- NV) in the RP-884 database.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
John F. Busch, Jr (Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Berkeley California, USA). This
is a CLASS-2 field experiment.
Project Publications
Busch, 1990 "Thermal responses to the Thai office environment." ASHRAE
Trans., V. 96(1), pp. 859-872.
Busch J. F. (1992) A tale of two populations: thermal comfort in air-conditioned
and naturally ventilated offices in Thailand. Energy and Buildings Vol
18 pp 235-249.
Busch J. (1995) Thermal comfort in Thai air-conditioned and naturally
ventilated offices in Thailand Standards for thermal comfort pp 114-121.
Busch J. F. (1990) From Comfort to Kilowatts - An Integrated Assessment
of Electricity Conservation in Thailand's Commercial Sector. (UC Berkeley
PhD. Thesis).
Project Location, Climate and Season
The project was located in Bangkok, Thailand (peninsular, Southeast Asia).
Bangkok is the largest city in Thailand as well as being the capital. Being
tropical, Bangkok does not display much seasonality and can been classified
under a hot humid climate. The project was conducted in the hot season
and the wet season.
Sample Buildings
|
Building Code (blcode)
|
Sample Size (n)
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
1
|
380
|
HVAC
|
Sathorn Thani (SH and SW) hot wet
|
|
2
|
389
|
HVAC
|
Thai Farmers Bank (TH and TW)
|
|
3
|
194
|
NV
|
Dept. Science Services (DH and DW)
|
|
4
|
173
|
NV
|
Ministry of ST and E (MH and MW)
|
|
5
|
25
|
NV
|
KMIT Instit. Tech (pilot) (PH and PW)
|
Instruments
The instrumentation was packaged into a "toolbox"
which was placed in the subject's occupied zone, typically at a height
of 0.6m above floor, or on their desk. Air and globe temperatures were
registered with calibrated thermistors. The globe thermometer was based
on a 38mm ping pong ball. Air speeds were registered with a Kurz 403 "hot-film"
anemometer in the vicinity of the subject. Humidity was recorded with a
steady-state device. All sensors were connected to a Campbell Scientific
CR21 datalogger which was dumped into a tape recorder at the end of every
day in the field.
Questionnaire
Subjects who had been seated at their workstations for more than 15 minutes
were eligible for inclusion in the sample. The questionnaire covered basic
sensation and preference items. Metabolic and clothing scales/check-lists
were based on the McIntyre (1980) tables.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor meteorological data were collected by the original researcher from
the Royal Thai Meteorological Department. Daily maxima and minima for temperature
and humidity were extracted for the RP-884 database.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
For this study clo was estimated by the McIntrye (1980) method. Clo therefore
required correction to the ASHRAE 55- 92 Standard for RP-884 purposes.
To this 0.15 clo was added to create a separate variable accounting for
the clothing ensemble and insulation effects of a chair. The research design
of this project was cross-sectional which satisfied the assumptions for
RP-884, that all subjects were independent.
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4 Project Title: This
field experiment is the CSAA, Antioch (1995) component of the Advanced
Customer Technology Test (ACT2) Project.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Charles C. Benton and Gail S. Brager (CEDR, Department of Architecture,
University of California, Berkeley). This is a CLASS-1 field experiment.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file number 5 in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
Benton, C. et al. Advanced Customer Technology Test (ACT2) CSAA
Progress Report. (CEDR UC Berkeley).
Brager, G et al. (1994) "A comparison of methods for assessing thermal
sensation and acceptability in the field," In Thermal Comfort: Past, Present
and Future. (eds N. A. Oseland and M. A. Humphreys).
Project Location, Climate and Season
The ACT2 project was based on the ASHRAE RP-702 project (the hot-humid
field experiment in Townsville Australia, de Dear et al., 1994). Data was
collected for the ACT2 project between 1991 and 1995 at four sites. The
Sunset Building (baseline and post-retrofit) in San Ramon, Verifone (baseline)
in Auburn and CSAA (post construction) in Antioch. Antioch has a Mediterranean
climate, less than 50 km inland from the San Francisco Bay but separated
from the water by the Berkeley Hills (Nearest major city is Concord). The
season of this study was winter.
Sample Buildings
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size
(n)
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
|
1
|
111
|
HVAC
|
Instruments
A cart was set up with all sensors attached in desired positions of 0.1m,
0.6m and 1.1m. The sensors chosen were selected to meet the response time
and accuracy requirements of ASHRAE Standard 55-81 and ISO Standard 7730
for thermal assessment. YSI series 700 probes with vinyl-coated tips were
used to measure air temperature. Globe temperature was measured by attaching
a 38 mm diameter table tennis ball on the temperature sensors. The balls
were painted grey for correct emissivity. Air velocity was measured by
Dantec 54R10 anemometers, which are omnidirectional fully temperature-compensated
sensors. Dewpoint temperature was measured by a General Eastern DEW-10
chilled mirror dewpoint transducer. All parameters were measured at all
three heights except dewpoint temperature which was only measured at 0.6m.
Radiant asymmetry and illuminance were also measured, but are not essential
to the purpose of RP-884.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire consisted of an on-line questionnaire, which addressed
conditions at the time physical measurements were being taken and a background
questionnaire. The latter covered subject details such as, health and emotional
characteristics, office description, work area and job satisfaction, environmental
sensitivity, plus personal comfort, satisfaction and perceived control.
In the on-line section thermal sensation was rated on the 7-pt ASHRAE scale.
Thermal preference was assessed on a descriptive 3- pt scale. Thermal acceptability
was not rated. Metabolic rate was estimated based on a checklist referring
to the subjects activity in the 15 minutes before completing the on- line
questionnaire, using tables in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (HOF,
1985). Clo estimates were based on responses to the clothing item checklist
provided in the on- line questionnaire from the ASHRAE Standard 55-81 method.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Meteorological air temperature data at 600 hrs and 1500 hrs were purchased
by RP-884 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National
Climatic Data Center. Relative humidity, also at 600 hrs and 1500 hrs was
extracted from the International Station Meteorological and Climate Summary
CD-ROM (ISMCS, 1992) for the nearest site.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The detailed methods and protocol used in ASHRAE RP-462 (and extended to
the ASHRAE RP-702 project described above) were carried out in full for
the ACT2 Project. Since RP-884 itself is based primarily on RP-702 and
subsequently on RP- 462, little standardisation was necessary. However,
clothing was based on the ASHRAE 55-81 method, and so required conversion
into equivalent ASHRAE 55-92 values. 0.15 clo was then added for chair
insulation. The research design of this field experiment was longitudinal,
so for the purposes of RP-884, independence between subjects was assumed.
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5 Project Title: Higher PMV causes higher
energy consumption in air- conditioned buildings: A case study in Jakarta,
Indonesia.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Tri H. Karyono (University of Sheffield, UK). This is a CLASS-3 field experiment.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 6 (summer - HVAC bdgs), 7
(summer - NV) and 8 (summer - mixed mode buildings) in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
Karyono, T. H. (1995) "Higher PMV causes higher energy consumption in air-conditioned
buildings: A case study in Jakarta, Indonesia, " Standards for thermal
comfort. ed by Fergus Nicol, Michael Humphreys, Oliver Sykes and Susan
Roaf. Chapman and Hall pp 219-226.
Karyono, T. (1996) "Thermal comfort in the tropical southeast Asia region."
Architectural Science Review. V39(3), pp.135-139.
Karyono, T.H (1996) "Discrepancy between actual and predicted thermal
votes of Indonesian workers in Jakarta, Indonesia." International Journal
of Ambient Energy. V.17(2), pp.95-100.
Project Location, Climate and Season
The project was located in Jakarta, Indonesia. This is in a wet equatorial
climate zone with a season classified as "summer" all year round.
Sample Buildings
|
Building Code (blcode)
|
Sample Size (n)
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
|
1
|
97
|
NV
|
|
2
|
103
|
HVAC
|
|
3
|
98
|
HVAC
|
|
4
|
96
|
HVAC
|
|
5
|
91
|
HVAC
|
|
6
|
41
|
Mixed (hybrid)
|
|
7
|
70
|
HVAC
|
Instruments
Bruel and Kjaer 1212 Thermal Comfort Meter.
No anemometer used in this project. Relative humidity were measured with
a solid state hygrometer.
Questionnaire
In Bahasa Indonesian.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor climatological air temperature and relative humidity data at 600
hrs and 1500 hrs were obtained from the International Station Meteorological
and Climate Summary (ISMCS, 1992) CD-ROM for Jakarta.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The B+K 1212 instrument was used to measure operative and equivalent temperatures.
As a result no radiant temperatures could be calculated (from globe temperature).
Clothing estimates were based on the Bruel and Kjaer manual which closely
corresponds to the ISO 7730 (1984) methods and which was mapped to the
ASHRAE 55-92 standard for RP-884. Chair insulation estimates of 0.15 clo
were also added to form a total insulation variable in the RP-884 database.
The research design was cross-sectional which satisfied the assumptions
for RP-884, that all subjects were independent.
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6 Project Title: Montreal ASHRAE RP-821.
"Field Study of Occupant Comfort and Office Thermal Environments in a Cold
Climate."
This is the third of a series of ASHRAE projects (following
RP-462 in San Francisco and RP-702 in a hot-humid climate).
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Giovanna Donnini, Jean Molina, Carlo Martello, Dorothy Ho Ching Lai, Lai
Ho Kit, Ching Yu Chang, Michel Laflamme, Van Hiep, Fariborz Haghighat (Auger,
Donnini and Nguyen Inc.). This is a CLASS 1 field experiment in line with
the preceding two ASHRAE-sponsored field experiments.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 9 (summer - HVAC) and 10 (winter
- HVAC) in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
Donnini, G. et al (1996) Field Study of Occupant Comfort and Office
Thermal Environments in a Cold Climate: Final Report. ADN Inc., Montreal,
Quebec, Canada.
Project Location, Climate and Season
The cities chosen for the study are Montreal, Longueuil, Gramby, Cap-de-la-Madeleine,
Shawinigan, Trois-Rivieres, Hull and Maniwaki in Canada. They are all located
along the border of the Northern and Southeastern limits. The climatic
classification is towards the cold extreme of the humid mid latitudes.
Data were collected in both summer and winter seasons.
Instruments
Air temperatures were measured using Dantec 54R10 thermistors. Globe temperatures
were measured using Bruel and Kjaer globe temperature sensors (MM 0030)
each consisting of a Pt100 (platinum resistance) temperature sensing element
situated in the centre of a 150mm diameter globe of appropriate emissivity.
Air velocity and turbulence were measured by Dantec 54R10 anemometers,
which are omnidirectional fully temperature-compensated sensors. The factory
calibrated the sensors the week preceding the start of the site visits.
Dew point temperature and vapour pressure was measured by a Bruel and Kjaer
air humidity transducer (MM 0037). Air temperature, globe temperature,
air velocity and turbulence were measured at three heights (ankle, waist
and height) and dew point temperature was measured only at waist height.
Sample Buildings
|
Building Code and Location
|
Sample Size (n)
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Floor Area
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
1 Montreal
|
summer 39
winter (37)
|
free cooling, VAV.
|
7220 m2 5 storey and
sub-basement.Mainly open plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (offices).
|
|
2 Montreal
|
39
(38)
|
double duct,
|
68198 m2 15 storeys
and sub-basements. Mainly open plan.
|
Department of Provincial Police (jail).
|
|
3 Cap-de-la-Madeleine
|
40
(39)
|
free cooling,
|
3963 m2 3 storeys. Mainly open
plan.
|
Department of Provincial Police (police station).
|
|
4 Shawinigan
|
41
(40)
|
free cooling,VAV and CAV.
|
5265 m2 3 storeys. Mainly open
plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (court).
|
|
5 Trois-Rivieres
|
44
(44)
|
free cooling,VAV.
|
10,451 m2 5 storeys.
Mainly open plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (offices).
|
|
6 Loungueuil
|
41
(40)
|
free cooling,VAV.
|
14,980 m2 2 storeys.
Mainly open plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (court).
|
|
7 Loungueuil
|
40
(40)
|
double duct,VAV and free cooling, CAV.
|
12,500 m2 8 storeys
and sub-basement. Mainly open plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (offices).
|
|
8 Maniwaki
|
31
(30)
|
free cooling,VAV.
|
3,500 m2 2 storeys and sub-basement.
Mainly open plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (offices).
|
|
9 Gramby
|
40
(39)
|
double duct,VAV.
|
8784 m2 3 storeys and sub-basement.
Mainly open plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (court).
|
|
10 Montreal
|
40
(39)
|
free cooling,VAV.
|
3006 m2 4 storeys. Mainly open
plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (offices).
|
|
11 Hull
|
42
(40)
|
double duct,VAV and CAV.
|
32,345 m2 10 storeys. Mainly open
plan.
|
Department of Provincial Government (court).
|
|
12 Montreal
|
6
(none)
|
double duct,CAV and free cooling,VAV .
|
37,325 m2 25 storeys. Mainly open
plan.
|
Private, professional and advertising offices.
|
Questionnaire
The questionnaire used here was essentially
the same as the one used in Townsville (ASHRAE RP-702 Hot Humid Field Experiment).
The subjective survey was divided into two parts, Background and Online.
The Background questions covered areas such as demographics, contextual
and psychological factors. The on-line questions were related to the subjects
assessment of their immediate thermal environment at that point in time
and was answered at the time the physical measurements were being taken.
Sensation ratings were based on the ASHRAE 7-pt scale. Thermal acceptability
was addressed as a yes/no response and thermal preference was assessed
on a 3-pt scale. Metabolic rating was based on the ASHRAE 55-92 Standard
and ISO 7730 Standard. Met was assessed over four distinct time periods
from which an overall metabolic value was obtained. Clo was estimated using
the ASHRAE Standard 55-92 checklist. Adaptive behaviour questions were
also addressed regarding the subjects perceived control over their thermal
environment.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
The meteorological data recorded in the original field experiment data
included; hourly temperatures, wind speed and direction, relative humidity,
daily precipitation, start and stop times of precipitation and general
conditions. These recordings were purchased by the researchers from the
closest met observation site to each building tested. For the purpose of
RP-884 air temperatures and relative humidities at 600 hrs and 1500 hrs
were extracted for use.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
Due to the use of a 150 mm diameter globe with slow response time for measuring
globe temperature, there was uncertainty as to whether or not the instrument
achieved thermal equilibrium within the exposure time. Therefore, all rows
where |TAAV-TRAV| >= 2 K were deleted from the data set before analysis
continued. Clo was estimated by the ASHRAE 55-92 Standard so no correction
was necessary, however to obtain the total insulation experienced by subjects,
0.15 clo was added to the total clothing ensemble forming a separate variable.
The research design was cross-sectional.
Return
to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
7 Project Title: Richard de Dear's PhD
research project in Australia.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Dr Richard de Dear and Andris Auliciems (University of Queensland). This
is a CLASS-2 investigation .
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 11 (Brisbane, summer - HVAC),
12 (Brisbane, summer - NV), 13 (Darwin, summer "dry" - HVAC), 14 (Darwin,
summer "wet" - HVAC), 15 (Melbourne, summer - HVAC) and 16 (Melbourne,
summer - NV) in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
de Dear, R. J. and A. Auliciems (1985) "Validation of the Predicted Mean
Vote model of thermal comfort in six Australian field studies." ASHRAE
Trans., V. 91(2), pp. 452- 468.
de Dear, R. J. and A. Auliciems (1985). Thermal neutrality and acceptability
in six Australian field studies, Clima 2000, Indoor Climate (P.O. Fanger,
editor), Vol. 4:103-108. VVS Kongress-VVS Messe, Copenhagen.
de Dear, R. J. (1985) Perceptual and adaptational bases for the management
of indoor climate. (St Lucia Queensland: University of Queensland PhD thesis).
de Dear, R.J. and A. Auliciems (1986). Air conditioning in Australia
II: User attitudes. Arch. Science Review, vol. 31, pp. 19-27.
Project Location, Climate and Season
This project was conducted in three major cities, located in three distinct
climate zones across Australia. Samples from both HVAC and NV buildings
were taken in Brisbane (humid subtropical climate) and Melbourne (west
coast marine climate) during summer. Samples were also taken from HVAC
buildings in Darwin (tropical savanna or wet/dry tropics) during the "dry"
and "wet" seasons.
Instruments
Wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded with an Assmann aspirated psychrometer.
Globe temperatures were recorded using a Zeal mercury-in-glass thermometer
(manufactured according to British Standard 2842/66) inserted in the centre
of a 40mm ping pong ball painted matt black. Air speeds were measured at
three heights within the occupied zone but only an average was recorded.
The anemometers were Kurz 441M with manufacturer's claimed accuracy being
0.03 m s-1.
Sample Buildings
|
Location
|
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size
(n)
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
|
Brisbane
|
1
|
195
|
HVAC
|
|
Brisbane
|
2
|
102
|
HVAC
|
|
Brisbane
|
3
|
69
|
HVAC
|
|
Brisbane
|
4
|
114
|
HVAC
|
|
Brisbane
|
5
|
84
|
HVAC
|
|
Brisbane
|
1
|
157
|
NV
|
|
Brisbane
|
2
|
124
|
NV
|
|
Brisbane
|
3
|
69
|
NV
|
|
Brisbane
|
4
|
211
|
NV
|
|
Brisbane
|
5
|
49
|
NV
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
1
|
14
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
2
|
12
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
3
|
131
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
4
|
82
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
5
|
97
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
6
|
52
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
7
|
53
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-dry
|
8
|
50
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-wet
|
8
|
48
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-wet
|
9
|
85
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-wet
|
10
|
100
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-wet
|
11
|
58
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-wet
|
12
|
157
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-wet
|
13
|
58
|
HVAC
|
|
Darwin-wet
|
14
|
49
|
HVAC
|
|
Melbourne
|
1
|
83
|
HVAC
|
|
Melbourne
|
2
|
243
|
HVAC
|
|
Melbourne
|
3
|
102
|
HVAC
|
|
Melbourne
|
4
|
84
|
HVAC
|
|
Melbourne
|
1
|
126
|
NV
|
|
Melbourne
|
2
|
411
|
NV
|
|
Melbourne
|
3
|
16
|
NV
|
Questionnaire
Thermal sensation was assessed on the ASHRAE 7-point
linear scale. Thermal preference was registered on a symmetrical 7- point
scale (-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3). Metabolic checklists were applied to
the last 10 minutes, between 20 and 10 minutes ago, between 30 and
20 minutes ago and between 60 and 30 minutes ago. The average metabolic
estimate across the last hour was recorded in the data file.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Actual meteorological data (temperature and humidity) corresponding to
the date stamped on each questionnaire were purchased from the Australian
Bureau of Meteorology.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The 7-point preference scale was converted to the McIntyre scale so that
votes of -3, -2 and -1 were "want cooler," a vote of 0 was counted as "no
change," and votes of +1, +2 and +3 counted as "want warmer." Clothing
insulation was converted from the McIntyre 1980 method to the equivalent
ASHRAE (1992) value and 0.15 clo was added for chair insulation to all
cases with sedentary metabolic rates. The research design was cross-sectional
which satisfied the assumptions for RP-884, that all subjects were independent.
Return
to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
8 Project Title: A Field Study of Thermal
Comfort Using Questionnaire Software.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Guy R. Newsham, PhD. and Dale K. Tiller D.Phil. (National Research Council
Canada). This is a CLASS-3 field experiment.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file number 17 (winter - HVAC) in the RP-884
database.
Project Publications
Newsham, G. R. and D. K. Tiller. (1995) A field study of Thermal Comfort
using questionnaire software. IRC Internal Report. No 708.
Newsham, G. R., D. K. Tiller. (1996) Questionnaire Software to Enable
Study of Short-term Changes in Subjective Reactions to the indoor Environment.
IRC Internal Report.
Project Location, Climate and Season
Ottawa, Canada. The location is borderline between humid mid latitude and
continental subarctic. The investigation was performed in winter.
Sample Buildings
|
Building Code (blcode)
|
Sample Size (n)
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Floor Area and layout
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
1
|
390
|
HVAC
|
3 storey, open plan office on part of 2nd
floor.
|
Federal government. Facitities design work.
|
|
2
|
437
|
HVAC
|
7 storey, open plan office on part of 1st
floor.
|
Federal government. Variety of bibliographic
tasks.
|
|
3
|
988
|
HVAC
|
20 storey, mostly open plan office on 7th
and part of 9th floor.
|
Federal government. Variety of administrative,
technical and scientific tasks.
|
|
4
|
44
|
HVAC
|
3 storey,open plan office on part of 2nd
floor.
|
Federal government. Variety of bibliographic
tasks.
|
Instruments
Indoor climatic instrumentation consisted of an ACR
"SmartReader" thermistor for temperature and a solid-state hygrometer to
measure humidity. Measurements were made at waist height only and the variables
air speed and globe temperatures were not measured.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire was software based addressing 5
questions: environmental conditions at the time of physical data collection,
sensation/comfort rating on a 7-pt scale, thermal preference, questions
regarding adaptive behaviour and clo estimations. Total clothing
ensemble worn by the subjects was estimated using the ASHRAE 55-92 checklist.
Thermal acceptability and activity or any form of metabolic rating was
not provided.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor meteorological data including air temperature and humidity (RH%)
was measured by the campus weather station. Three of the study sites were
on the same campus as the station, the fourth was located 10km away. Meteorological
data provided with the original dataset was that closest to the time when
the questionnaire was being answered. From this information our dayta_15
and dayrh_15 variables were extracted. Also provided in the original data
set was outdoor air temperature and humidity at 8:00am from which our dayta_06
and dayrh_06 variables were obtained.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The research design for this study was longitudinal, but it was assumed
for the purpose of RP-884 that all subjects were independent (i.e. assumed
cross-sectional). Clo was estimated using the ASHRAE 55-92 Standard so
no corrections were necessary. However clo was measured at the beginning
of the day and so to more closely approximate the total clothing ensemble
at the time of the questionnaire, the clo change variable in the original
data set was used for adjustments. This variable specified at the time
of the questionnaire wether the subject had had a major or minor clothing
change (+ - 0.34 clo and + - 0.05 clo) since the morning. These adjustments
were made and then 0.15 clo added for the insulation provided by a chair
to give a total insulation as a separate variable. Age was given as the
end point of a bin, but was replaced with the midpoint value. While metabolic
rates were not recorded, a default value of 1.2 mets was temporarily inserted
into the file for the purposes of index calculation, but then removed from
the database.
Return
to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
9 Project Title: "Thermal Comfort in Pakistan."
This project was part of the 1993 Oxford Brookes University field project
for The National Energy Agency Conservation Centre (ENERCON) agency of
the Pakistan Government investigating the reduction of energy consumption
in buildings and an adaptive model of thermal comfort.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Nicol, J. F., G. N. Jami, O. Sykes, S. Roaf, M. Humpherys and M. Hancook
(School of Architecture, Oxford Brooks University). This is a CLASS-3 field
experiment.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 18 (Karachi, summer - NV),
19 (Karachi, winter - NV), 20 (Multan, summer - NV), 21 (Peshawar, summer
- NV), 22 (Peshawar, winter - NV), 23 (Quetta, summer - NV), 24 (Quetta,
winter - NV), 25 (Saidu, summer - NV) and 26 (Saidu, winter - NV) in the
RP- 884 database.
Project Publications
Nicol, J. F., G. N. Jami, O. Sykes, M. Humpherys, S. Roaf and M. Hancock.
(1994) Thermal Comfort in Pakistan. Oxford Brookes University.
Project Location, Climate and Season
This study was conducted across five cities in Pakistan including Karachi
(Lower Indus Plain), Quetta (Baluchistan Plateau), Multan (southern Upper
Indus Plain), Peshawar (northern Upper Indus Plain) and Saidu Sharif (northern
mountains).
Karachi is the capital of the Sindh province and the largest city in
Pakistan in terms of population and size. Karachi is also a major Arabian
Sea Port. Being only 4m above sea level warm moist air blows in from the
Indian Ocean, however this does not often result in precipitation. Karachi
is quite humid compared to the rest of the country and this is borne out
by the relatively small diurnal and annual temperature ranges (the montly
mean temperature varies only 11oC in Karchi and generally by
21oC to 25oC in other parts). Karachi has an average
temperature maxima and minima of 33oC and 27oC respectively
in July and 25oC and 13oC respectively in January.
Karachi falls under a desert climate classification despite its location
in a coastal zone.
Multan is a major city on the southern Upper Indus Plain in the Punjab,
surrounded by the desert region of Pakistan. However recent irrigation
projects have resulted in microclimatic changes which have resulted in
increases in rainfall with some associated changes in temperature and humidity.
Historical records of temperature maxima and minima are 21oC and 6oC respectively
in January and 42oC and 29oC respectively in June or 40oC and 29oC respectively
in July. The climate zone for Multan is "desert."
Peshawar is the capital of the North/West Frontier Province and is at
the northern end of the Upper indus plain at an elevation of 359m. The
temperatures in Peshawar are fairly similar to those of Multan. The average
maxima and minima are 17oC and 4oC respectively in January and in June
41oC and 25oC respectively or 40oC and 26oC respectively in July. The climate
zone for Peshawar is semi desert.
Quetta is the capital city of the Baluchistan province and is situated
on the north-western Afghanistan boarder of Pakistan. The city is located
at an altitude of 1692m on a dry desert plateau surrounded by mountains
rising over 2500m high. Due to its elevation it is cooler than Peshawar
and Islamabad, but has considerable temperature fluctuations on a daily
and seasonal scale. The rainfall in Quetta is very low as is its humidity
because of the surrounding desert. Average temperature maxima and minima
are 10oC and -2oC respectively in January and 35oC and 18oC respectively
in July. Quetta is classified as being in a cool semi desert climate zone.
Saidu Sharif is a town in the northern hills at an elevation of about
1000m. Surveys were carried out in Mingora a "twin town" about a mile from
Saidu Sharif. Specific climatological data for the two towns was not able
to be obtained. The main factor however for both towns are their elevations
giving mean temperature maxima and minima of 14.3oC and 2.2oC respectively
in January and 36.4oC and 20.8oC respectively in June. The climate zone
for Saidu can be described as semi desert. Season - The project was divided
into two surveys, one in summer (July 1993) and the other in winter (December
1993 - January 1994) each extending over about a week.
Sample Buildings
This table indicates only one building per city in Pakistan. In actual
fact there were many buildings, including residences and offices. In the
vast majority of cases, there was only one subject per building. In many
cases the subjects were monitored during occupancy of more than a single
building, making the data incompatible with the RP- 884 structure. Therefore,
for simplicity, all buildings within a particular city are treated as a
single building.
Sample Buildings
|
Location
|
Building Code (blcode)
|
Sample Size (n)
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
Karachi
|
1-summer
1-winter
|
190
470
|
NV
|
Residential houses and office buildings.
|
|
Multan
|
2-summer
|
437
|
NV
|
Residential houses and office buildings.
|
|
Peshawar
|
3-summer
3-winter
|
556
513
|
NV
|
Residential houses and office buildings.
|
|
Quetta
|
4-summer
4-winter
|
492
425
|
NV
|
Residential houses and office buildings.
|
|
Saidu Sharif
|
5-summer
5-winter
|
568
548
|
NV
|
Residential houses and office buildings.
|
Instruments
Indoor climatic instrumentation was recorded by a
portable datalogger. Relative humidity and air temperature were monitored
by a Hanna Instruments probe. This consisted of a polished aluminium sheath
19mm in diameter, containing in its ventilated tip a humidity sensor (solid-state
hygrometer) and a thermistor. The instrumentation measured air temperature,
globe temperature and humidity. The globe thermometer had a 38mm diameter
ping pong ball with appropriate emissivity attached over the sensor. All
variables were measured at subjects' waist height.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire addressed conditions at
time of physical measurements. Time lapse between instrument measurements
and questionnaire response was never more than 10 minutes. Comfort was
rated using the 7-pt semantic differential based on Bedford. Thermal preference
was rated on a want to be warmer/cooler descriptive scale and thermal acceptability
questions were not considered. Other thermal environmental parameters included
were air movement, draft and skin moisture. Metabolic activity was based
on a descriptive scale and noted at the time the questionnaire was being
carried out. Total clothing ensemble insulation experienced by the subject
was estimated using the ISO 7730 checklist and work of McCullough (eg 1985)
and others.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Daily outdoor maximum and minimum temperatures were obtained for a number
of the centres from the Pakistan Meteorological office for July and December
1993 and January 1994. Where temperatures were not provided they were replaced
with climatological data (monthly means) from the International Station
Meteorological and Climate Summary Vol.2 CDROM (ISMCS, 1992). All outdoor
humidities were also obtained from this source and had to be derived from
mean dewpoint temperature and mean temperature minima and maxima.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The Bedford 7-point thermal comfort scale was mapped directly to the ASHRAE
7-point thermal sensation scale for RP-884 purposes. The data was presented
as subjects in individual houses, with studies conducted in summer and
winter, so the project was of longitudinal research design. For the purpose
of this study all houses in the same city were considered to be identical
buildings, thus it was assumed there was a number of subjects from one
building for each city and the subjects were independent between both the
summer and winter studies. Some indices in the original data set had to
be re-defined to conform to RP-884 standards. Clo was estimated by ISO
7730 (1984) and corrected to the ASHRAE 55-92 Standard using the regression
models developed within RP-884. The activity variable in the original data
set was used such that if activity was <= 4 then 0.15 clo was added
to the total clothing ensemble to form another variable (insul)
that accounted for the additional insulation provided by a chair for subjects
that were seated. Velocity measurements in the raw data file indicated
a systematic bias that was time-dependent. The original data in all summer
files was found to be less affected and so original data were used. In
the winter files, values >1.5 m/s were replaced with an average. The Multan,
Winter field experiment was omitted from the RP-884 database.
Return
to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
10 Project Title: Comfort criteria for
passively cooled buildings. A PASCOOL task.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
N. Baker and M. Standeven, The Martin Centre for Architecture and Urban
Studies, University of Cambridge, UK. This is a CLASS-2 field experiment.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file number 27 (summer - NV) in the RP-884
database.
Project Publications
Baker, N and M. Standeven. (1995) "A Behavioural Approach to Thermal Comfort
Assessment in Naturally Ventilated Buildings". Proceedings from CIBSE National
Conference, Ch 76-84.
Baker, N. and M. Standeven. (1994) Comfort criteria for passively cooled
buildings. A PASCOOL task. Renewable Energy. V 5. n 5-8 Aug 1994. p 977-984.
Project Location, Climate and Season
This field experiment was carried out in Athens, Greece for the summer
season. Athens has a Mediterranean climate.
Sample Buildings
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size
(n)
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
|
1
|
409
|
NV
|
|
2
|
276
|
NV
|
|
3
|
443
|
NV
|
|
4
|
176
|
NV
|
|
5
|
187
|
NV
|
|
6
|
135
|
NV
|
Instruments
Indoor room climate instrumentation included: a thermistor
to measure air temperature, an omnidirectional hot-wire sensor to measure
air speed, a solid-state hygrometer to measure humidity and a globe thermometer
with 38mm diameter ping pong ball to measure globe temperature.
Local climate instrumentation consisted of: a calibrated sensor array
comprising air temperature thermistor, omnidirectional thermistor anemometer
and two hemispherical globe thermometer, mounted on a headset similar to
that of a wlakman. Data was logged on a portable logger allowing complete
thermal histories to be recorded for the day, including time when the subject
was away from the room.
The local data (headsets) were attached to questionnaire responses in
the RP-884 database file for this PASCOOL project. In cases where local
data were unsuitable or unavailable, room data were substituted.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire addressed the conditions at the time physical measurements
were being taken. Sensation was rated on the ASHRAE 7-pt scale. Questions
of thermal acceptability and thermal preference where both considered and
metabolic ratings were taken. Clothing insulation was estimated using the
ISO 7730 checklist. Adaptive behaviour questions regarding changes in clothing
and adjustment to controls such as opening or closing shades, blinds or
windows and relocations within the room were recorded.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Meteorological air temperature data was recorded simultaneously
with indoor measurement made. For the purposes of RP-884 outdoor temperatures
at 600 hrs and 1500 hrs were extracted. Humidities at 600 hrs and 1500
hrs were obtained from the International Station Meteorological and Climate
Summary (ISMCS, 1992) CDROM.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
This project was of longitudinal research design, but for the purposes
of RP-884 subjects were assumed to be independent (ie. cross-sectional).
Clothing insulation was estimated using the ISO 7730 (1984) Standard, it
was therefore necessary to adjust clo to conform to the ASHRAE 55-92 Standard.
Also where the metabolic rate was <= 2 met it was assumed the subject
was seated and so 0.15 clo was added to the total clothing ensemble in
these cases to account for the insulation provided by a chair. The 5-pt
variable PRF_VOTE in the original data was re-coded to our 3- pt McIntrye
(MCI) scale. Where air velocity was missing 0.1 m/s was temporarily inserted
for the software based index calculation and then removed from the database.
Return
to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
11 Project Title: Developing Indoor Temperatures
for Naturally Ventilated Buildings.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
I. A. Raja, J. F. Nicol and M. A. Humphreys (Oxford-Brookes University,
UK). This is a CLASS-3 investigation.
Project Publications
Nicol, J. F., M. A. Humphreys and I. A. Raja (1995). "Developing Indoor
Temperatures for Naturally Ventilated Buildings". Proceeding for CIBSE
National Conference.
Also see the Full Report.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file number 28 (summer - NV) in the RP-884
database.
Project Location, Climate and Season
The project is located in Oxford, South Britain about 63m above sea level
and situated at 51o 46' North and 1o 16' West. The climate of Oxford is
typical of the low lying part of the English midlands and is also influenced
by its proximity to the Atlantic. Oxford experiences one of the warmer
maxima in the surrounding area with mean temperatures of around 21.7oC
in July. The mean minima of 1.3oC in January and February reflects weather
similar to that of the midlands and south-east. This field experiment was
completed in the summer months of August and September and comes under
the climate classification of west coast marine.
Sample Buildings
|
Building Code (blcode)
|
Sample Size (n)
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
1
|
496
|
NV
|
School of Architecture plus Biological and
Molecular Sciences
|
|
2
|
334
|
NV
|
Headington Hill Hall.
|
|
3
|
47
|
NV
|
Tonge building.
|
Instruments
Air temperature was measured using a thermistor.
An adapted thermistor probe with a 38mm diameter ping pong ball of suitable
emissivity attached, was used to measure globe temperature. Air speed was
registered using an omnidirectional sensor and a solid-state hygrometer
was used to measure humidity. All measurements were taken at waist (generally
desk) height.
Questionnaire
A comfort rating on the 7pt Bedford scale was addressed in the questionnaire
as well as thermal preference. Thermal acceptability was not recorded.
Metabolic ratings were taken at the time the questionnaire was being answered,
but covered the 15 minute period before the questionnaire was completed.
Clothing insulation estimates were based on the ISO 7730 checklist with
the insulation effects of chair included in the total clothing ensemble
of the subject. Questions of adaptive behaviour and perceived control on
a subjects thermal environment were addressed. Specifically, whether doors,
window and curtains or blinds could be opened and closed as well as the
influence of fans and heater that could be switched on or off.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Meteorological data was obtained for every 0.5 hours from the Oxford
University Radcliffe Observatory by the original researchers. From this,
air temperatures and relative humidities at 600 hours and 1500 hours were
extracted for the purposes of RP-884.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The research design of this project was longitudinal, but for RP-884 purposes
all subjects were assumed to be independent (ie. cross-sectional). The
Bedford 7-point thermal comfort scale was mapped directly to the ASHRAE
7- point thermal sensation scale for RP-884 purposes. Clothing insulation,
estimated using the ISO 7730 (1984) Standard was corrected to the ASHRAE
55-92 Standard via regression models developed within RP-884. Allowance
for the insulation provided by a chair was incorporated into the taotal
clothing ensemble by the original researchers only when the subjects reported
themselves as seated. this provided the RP-884 insul variable. to
obtain clothing insulation, 0.15 clo was subtracted . All rows with missing
air temperature were deleted, but where velocity was missing, 0.1 m/s was
temporarily substituted and where indoor relative humidity and metabolic
rate were missing, 50% and 1 met respectively were temporarily substituted
for the purposes of index calculations and then removed from the database.
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12 Project Title: Mixed Mode Climate
Control: Some Hands-On Experience.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
David Rowe. Department of Architectural and Design Science, Sydney University,
Australia. This is a CLASS-2 investigation
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 29 (Summer - Mixed Mode),
30 (winter - Mixed Mode) and 31 (winter - HVAC) in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
Nothing published yet.
Project Location, Climate and Season
The field experiment was conducted in Sydney, the capital of the state
of New South Wales in Australia. Sydney's climate is humid and sub-tropical.
The project conducted in both summer and winter seasons.
Sample Buildings
|
Building Code (blcode)
|
Sample Size (n) and season
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
1
|
137-summer
170-winter
|
Mixed (hybrid)
|
University offices
|
|
2
|
83-winter
|
HVAC
|
Admin. offices
|
Instruments
RTD devices were used to measure air temperature. No globe temperatures
were measured but mean radiant temperature was provided based on the average
of six orthogonal plane radiant temperatures, areally weighted for the
projection area factors of the human body. Air speed was assessed using
an omnidirectional sensor and included turbulence intensity measurements
(> 10Hz). A chilled-mirror dewpoint sensor was used to measure humidity.
All measurements were taken at a single height.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire for this project was based directly on that used for
the ASHRAE RP-702 Hot Humid Field Experiment in Townsville Australia (see
above for de Dear et al., 1994). Thermal sensation rated on the 7-pt ASHRAE
scale was recorded at the time physical measurements were being taken,
along with the other items on the questionnaire that follow. Thermal acceptability
and thermal preference was addressed. Metabolic ratings at the time of
and one hour before the questionnaire were recorded. The total clothing
ensemble insulation was estimated using the ASHRAE 55-92 checklist. Other
thermal environmental parameters considered include air movement.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Meteorological Data consisting of air temperature and relative
humidity at 600 hours and 1500 hours was obtained for this field experiment
from Macquarie University's Meteorological site, Sydney, Australia.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The research design for this project was longitudinal and for the purpose
of RP-884 all subjects were assumed to be independent (ie. cross-sectional).
Clothing insulation was estimated from ASHRAE 55-92 checklists so no alterations
were necessary apart from the addition of 0.15 clo to account for the insulation
effects of a chair in creating our insul variable. Throughout the field
experiment where mean radiant temperature was not provided air temperature
was entered as a substitute.
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to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
13 Project Title: ASHRAE sponsored RP-462.
San Francisco Area.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Gail Schiller, Edward Arens, Fred Bauman, Charles Benton, Marc Fountain
and Tammy Doherty (CEDR at University of California, Berkeley). This is
a CLASS-1 field experiment
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 32 (summer - HVAC), 33 (summer
- NV), 34 (winter - HVAC) and 35 (winter - NV) in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
Schiller, G. E., E. Arens, F. Bauman, C. Benton, M Fountain and T. Doherty.
(1988) A Field Study of Thermal Environments and Comfort in Office Buildings:
Final Report--ASHRAE 462. (CEDR:UC Berkeley).
Schiller, G. E. (1990) A comparison of measured and predicted comfort
in office buildings. ASHRAE Transactions, 96(1).
Project Location, Climate and Season
RP-462 was conducted over five locations within the San Francisco Bay area
including Berkeley, San Ramon, Palo Alto, San Francisco and walnut Creek.
All five cities are within a Mediterranean climate zone, but all have different
local climates due to their location around the San Francisco Bay area.
San Francisco is located right on the coast, but also very close to the
Bay. Palo Alto is situated further from the coast close to southern end
of the Bay and behind the Santa Cruz Mountains. Berkeley is located across
the Bay from the Golden Gate and Walnut Creek is further inland almost
directly east of Berkeley. San Ramon is a similar but shorter distance
from the Bay as Walnut Creek, but instead it is almost directly east of
San Francisco. The field experiments were conducted across both summer
and winter seasons.
Sample Buildings
|
Location
|
Building Code (blcode)
|
Sample Size (n) and Season
|
Climate Controls (bldgtype)
|
Floor Area
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
Berkeley
|
1
|
122-summer
121-winter
|
NV
|
236,600 ft2
|
crowed open plan offices.
|
|
San Ramon
|
2
|
119-summer
123-winter
|
HVAC - thermal ice storage and evap. ponds.
|
2,000,000 ft2
|
|
|
Palo Alto
|
3
|
92-summer
101-winter
|
HVAC (multi zone HVAC with EMS)
|
187,000 ft2
|
mostly private offices.
|
|
San Francisco
|
4
|
108-summer
134-winter
|
HVAC -heat pump mech. system.
|
191,000 ft2
|
open plan with private balconies on perimeter.
|
|
San Francisco
|
5
|
115-summer
132-winter
|
roof mounted HV unit, no Mech. A/C.
|
54,000 ft2
|
open plan converted factory.
|
|
San Francisco
|
6
|
123-summer
136-winter
|
NV
|
90,000 ft2
|
open plan and private offices.
|
|
San Francisco
|
7
|
107-summer
122-winter
|
HVAC - thermal ice storage, VAV perimeter
reheat.
|
265,000 ft2
|
open plan and private offices.
|
|
San Francisco
|
8
|
117-summer
147-winter
|
HVAC
|
634,000 ft2
|
large open plan.
|
|
Walnut Creek
|
9
|
23-summer
145-winter
|
HVAC
|
316,400 ft2
|
open plan and private offices.
|
|
Walnut Creek
|
10
|
107-summer
146-winter
|
HVAC
|
368,000 ft2
|
open plan with partitions and private offices.
|
Instruments
Air temperature, air velocity, humidity, and globe temperatures were measured
using a mobile cart at the heights indicated below, with the exception
of the one stationary observation point. Air temperature was measured with
a shielded platinum RTD at 0.6m and shielded type T thermocouples at 0.1m,
0.6m and 1.1m were used. Air velocity was measured by an elliptical omnidirectional
constant temperature anemometer at 0.6m and spherical omnidirectional temperature
compensated anemometer at 0.1m and 1.1m. Humidity was measured by a chilled-mirror
dew point sensor at 0.6m. Globe temperatures were measured by a type T
thermocouple inside a 38 mm diameter table tennis ball (painted grey) at
heights of 0.1m, 0.6m and 1.1m on the mobile cart and at 1.1m in the stationary
set up. Other variables measured not of relevance to RP-884 include radiant
temperature asymmetry, surface temperature and illumination.
Questionnaire
Questionnaire responses were collected at the time physical measurements
were being taken. The ASHRAE 7-pt scale was used to determine thermal sensation.
The McIntyre scale was used to assess thermal preference. Thermal acceptability
was not addressed. Metabolic rating and clothing insulation estimates were
based on checklists in ASHRAE Standard 55-81 (1981). The background section
of the survey (not necessarily completed when physical measurements were
being made) covered general descriptions of office work areas; degree of
satisfaction with components of their work environment; personal and comparative
comfort and personal subject related information.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Meteorological air temperature minima and maxima were purchased
from the US National Climate Data Center (NCDC) for sites considered of
similar climatic situations to the study locations. Where a suitable site
could not be requisitioned, climatological data was extracted from the
International Station Meteorological and Climate Summary (ISMCS, 1992)
CDROM. All climatological humidity data were also obtained from ISMCS (1992).
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
RP-884 is the fourth ASHRAE sponsored project in the series RP-462, RP-702
and RP-821. A lot of the assumptions and standards of RP-462 project have
formed the basis for the later projects including RP-884, thus limited
standardisation has been necessary here. Clothing insulation was converted
from ASHRAE 55-81 to the 55-92 standard. 0.15 clo was added to the total
clothing ensemble for the insulation effects of a chair to create our insul
variable. The research design of this project was part longitudinal and
part cross-sectional, but for RP-884 purposes all subjects were assumed
to be independent.
Return
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14 Project Title: A field investigation
of thermal comfort environmental satisfaction and perceived control levels
in UK office buildings, University of Liverpool.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 38 (summer - NV), 39 (winter
- NV) and 40 (winter - Mixed Mode) in the RP- 884 database.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Ruth N. Williams (The Building Services Research and Information Association,
Berkshire, UK). This is a CLASS-2 investigation
Project Publications
Williams, R. N. (1995). A field investigation of thermal comfort environmental
satisfaction and perceived control levels in UK office buildings. Healthy
Buildings. Vol. 3 pp. 1181-1186.
Wiliams, R. (1996) "Predicting environmental dissatisfaction in UK offices,
"CIBSE/ASHRAE Joint National Conference, Harrogate UK, V.II, pp.167-178.
Project Location, Climate and Season
This project was conducted across three towns/cities in the UK, including
Liverpool, St Helens and Chester. All three come under the west coast marine
climate classification. The study was carried out in summer and winter
months.
Sample Buildings
|
Location
|
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size (n) and Season
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
Occupancy Pattern
|
|
Liverpool
|
1
|
19-summer
|
NV
|
office buildings A&B
|
|
St Helens
|
2
|
8-summer
|
NV
|
JC
|
|
St Helens
|
3
|
140-summer
31-winter
|
NV
|
WH
|
|
St Helens
|
4
|
121-winter
|
Mixed (hybrid)
|
NWB
|
|
Chester
|
5
|
44-winter
|
NV
|
CCH
|
|
Chester
|
6
|
31-winter
|
NV
|
COM
|
|
Chester
|
7
|
67-winter
|
NV
|
ANN
|
|
Liverpool
|
8
|
36-winter
|
NV
|
SEN
|
Instruments
Air temperature was measured using thermistors and an omnidirectional hot
bead sensor to measure air speed. A Envirlog supplied sensor (type unknown)
was used to measure humidity and by attaching 38mm diameter ping pong balls
globe temperature was also measured. Air Speed and humidity were measured
at waist height. Air temperature and globe temperature were measured at
all three heights (ankle, waist and head), but provided to the RP-884 database
as a single average.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire addressed both conditions at the time of physical measurements
and typical overall conditions. Thermal sensation was rated using a 7-pt
ASHRAE scale. Thermal comfort was rated using the 7-pt Bedford scale. Thermal
acceptability was addressed but not thermal preference. Metabolic rating
was dealt with by asking if the subject was sitting or standing during
most of their work time, from which an estimate was derived. Clothing insulation
estimates were based on the ISO 7730 (1994) checklist with corrections
for the insulation from a chair included. Adaptive behaviour questions
of the subjects perceived control on temperature, humidity, freshness,
smell, appearance, lighting, noise and layout within their working environment
was noted.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Climatological air temperature data at 600 hours and 1500 hours
was obtained from Weather (the journal, for site - Ringway). Relative humidity
at 600 hours and 1500 hours was obtained from the International Station
Meteorological and Climate Summary (site - Liverpool) CDROM.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The research design of this study was cross-sectional which satisfies the
assumption of independence between subjects for RP-884. Coding conventions
for some variables was altered to conform to RP-884 definitions. Clothing
insulation estimated using ISO 7730 (1984) checklists, was corrected to
follow the ASHRAE 55-92 Standard. The sex (gender) of subjects was not
indicated in the study so an average of the adjusted clo to the ASHRAE
55-92 Standard for males and female was used in all cases. 0.15 clo was
then subtracted from this corrected clothing plus chair insulation to create
our clo variable.
Return
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15 Project Title: Thermal comfort in
the humid tropics: Field experiments in air conditioned and naturally ventilated
buildings in Singapore.
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
R. J. de Dear, K. G. Leow and S. C. Foo (National University of Singapore).
This is a CLASS-2 field experiment.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 41 (summer - HVAC) and 42
(summer -NV) in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
de Dear, R. J., Leow, K. G. and S. C. Foo (1991) "Thermal comfort in the
humid tropics: Field experiments in air conditioned and naturally ventilated
buildings in Singapore". International Journal of Biometeorology, Vol.
34, pp. 259-265.
de Dear, R.J., Leow, K. G. and A. Ameen (1991) "Thermal comfort in the
equatorial climatic zone -- Part II: Climate chamber experiments on thermal
acceptability in Singapore". ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 97(1), pp. 880-886.
Project Location, Climate and Season
The field experiments were conducted in both summer and winter seasons
in Singapore which is a wet equatorial climate.
Sample Buildings
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size
(n)
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
|
1
|
333
|
HVAC
|
|
2
|
583
|
NV
|
Instruments
A hot-wire sensor was used to measure air speed. Relative humidity was
measured using an aspirated psychrometer and mercury-in-glass thermometers
were used to measure air and globe temperature. For globe temperature a
0.15m copper sphere was used.
Questionnaire
Thermal sensation was rated on the ASHRAE 7-pt scale. Thermal acceptability
and thermal preference was not addressed. Metabolic ratings were taken
and clothing insulation was estimated using the ISO7730 1984 standard.
Questions of adaptive behaviour were not considered.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Climatological air temperature and relative humidity data at 600
hours and 1500 hours was obtained from the International Station Meteorological
and Climate Summary CDROM (ISMCS, 1992) for Paya Lebar, the closest site.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The research design was cross-sectional which satisfied the assumptions
for RP-884, that all subjects were independent. Clothing insulation estimated
using the ISO7730 1984 standard was corrected to the ASHRAE55 1992 standard.
0.15 clo was added to the total clothing ensemble insulation for the insulation
effects of a chair forming a separate variable in RP-884.
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to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
16 Project Title: The Steelcase Building.
Grand Rapids Michigan, US
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
F. Bauman et al. (CEDR at the University of California at Berkeley). This
is a CLASS-1 field experiment.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file number 43 (winter - HVAC) in the RP-884
database.
Project Publications
Project Location, Climate and Season
This project was conducted in winter in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Grand Rapids
has a continental location in the Great Lakes region of North America and
has a humid mid- latitude climate.
Sample Buildings
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size
(n)
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
|
1
|
85
|
HVAC
|
Instruments
The Grand Rapids, Michigan field experiment
was not part of the Advanced Customer Technology Test (ACT2) study but
was carried out in an identical format. A cart was set up with all sensors
attached in desired positions of 0.1m, 0.6m and 1.1m. The sensors chosen
were selected to meet the response time and accuracy requirements of ASHRAE
Standard 55-81 and ISO Standard 7730 for thermal assessment. YSI series
700 probes with vinyl-coated tips were used to measure air temperature.
Globe temperature was measured by attaching a 38 mm diameter table tennis
ball on the temperature sensors. The balls were painted grey for correct
emissivity. Air velocity was measured by Dantec 54R10 anemometers, which
are omnidirectional fully temperature-compensated sensors. Dewpoint temperature
was measured by a General Eastern DEW-10 chilled mirror dewpoint transducer.
All parameters were measured at all three heights except dewpoint temperature
which was only measured at 0.6m. Radiant asymmetry and illuminance where
also recorded but were not essential to the purpose of RP-884.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire consisted of an on-line questionnaire, which addressed
conditions at the time physical measurements were being taken and a background
questionnaire. The latter covered subject details such as, health and emotional
characteristics, office description, work area and job satisfaction, environmental
sensitivity, plus personal comfort, satisfaction and perceived control.
In the on-line section thermal sensation was rated on the 7-pt ASHRAE scale.
Thermal preference was assessed on a descriptive 3- pt scale. Thermal acceptability
was not rated. Metabolic rate was estimated based on a checklist referring
to the subjects activity in the 15 minutes before completing the on- line
questionnaire, using tables in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (HOF,
1985). Clo estimates were based on responses to the clothing item checklist
provided in the on- line questionnaire from the ASHRAE Standard 55-81 method.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Meteorological data files are for Grand Rapids, MI, USA for the
period January to February 1992 were bought from the State Climatologist
for Michigan by RP-884. The files supplied had 24 hourly Temperatures (F)
and Relative Humidity (%) for the 60 day period required, from which air
temperatures and relative humidities at 600 hrs and 1500 hrs were extracted.
RP-884 Standardisation Assumptions
The detailed methods and protocol used in ASHRAE RP-462 (and extended to
the ASHRAE RP-702 project described above) were carried out in full for
the ACT2 Project. Since RP-884 itself is based primarily on RP-702 and
subsequently on RP- 462 little standardisation was necessary. However,
clothing was based on the ASHRAE 55-81 method, and so required conversion
into equivalent ASHRAE 55-92 values. 0.15 clo was then added for chair
insulation. The research design of this field experiment was part longitudinal
and part cross- sectional, but for the purposes of RP-884, independence
between subjects was assumed.
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to the ASHRAE RP-884 HomePage
17 Project Title: Sunset Building: A
study of occupant thermal comfort in support of PG&E's Advanced Customer
Technology Test (ACT2) for Maximum Energy Efficiency
Project Researchers and Class of Investigation
Charles C. Benton and Gail S. Brager (CEDR at University of California
at Berkeley). This is a CLASS-1 investigation.
Project File names in the RP-884 Database
This project is disseminated as file numbers 44 (summer - HVAC) and 45
(winter - HVAC) in the RP-884 database.
Project Publications
Benton, C. C. and Brager, G. S. (1994) Sunset Building: Final Report; A
study of occupant thermal comfort in support of PG&E's advanced customer
technology test (ACT2) for Maximum Energy Efficiency, CEDR.
Benton, C. C. and Brager, G. S. Advanced Customer Technology Test (ACT2)
Verifone Progress Report. (CEDR UC Berkeley)
Project Location, Climate and Season
San Ramon is one of the 3 location, in which 2 of the 4 components of the
ACT2 project were carried out. San Ramon falls within a Mediterranean climate
zone, but experiences local climatic effects due its location. San Ramon
is inland east of San Francisco Bay and almost directly east of the city
of San Francisco. The field experiments were conducted across the summer
and winter months.
Sample Buildings
Building Code
(blcode)
|
Sample Size
(n)
|
Climate Controls
(bldgtype)
|
|
1
|
152
|
HVAC
|
|
2
|
133
|
HVAC
|
|
3
|
96
|
HVAC
|
Instruments
A cart was set up with all sensors attached in desired
positions of 0.1m, 0.6m and 1.1m. The sensors chosen were selected
to meet the response time and accuracy requirements of ASHRAE Standard
55-81 and ISO Standard 7730 for thermal assessment. YSI series 700 probes
with vinyl-coated tips were used to measure air temperature. Globe temperature
was measured by attaching a 38 mm diameter table tennis ball on the temperature
sensors. The balls were painted grey for correct emissivity. Air velocity
was measured by Dantec 54R10 anemometers, which are omnidirectional fully
temperature-compensated sensors. Dewpoint temperature was measured by a
General Eastern DEW-10 chilled mirror dewpoint transducer. All parameters
were measured at all three heights except dewpoint temperature which was
only measured at 0.6m. Radiant asymmetry and illuminance where also recorded
but were not essential to the purpose of RP-884.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire consisted of an on-line, laptop-computer based questionnaire,
which addressed conditions at the time physical measurements were being
taken and a background questionnaire. The latter covered subject details
such as health and emotional characteristics, office description, work
area and job satisfaction, environmental sensitivity, plus personal comfort,
satisfaction and perceived control. In the on-line section thermal sensation
was rated on the 7-pt ASHRAE scale. Thermal preference was assessed on
a descriptive 3- pt scale. Thermal acceptability was not rated. Metabolic
rate was estimated based on a checklist referring to the subjects activity
in the 15 minutes before completing the on- line questionnaire, using tables
in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (HOF, 1985). Clo estimates were
based on responses to the clothing item checklist provided in the on- line
questionnaire from the ASHRAE Standard 55-81 method.
Outdoor Meteorological Data
Outdoor Meteorological air temperature data was obtained by request to
the National